Role Of The President And Congress During The Economy Essay

Introduction The economic conditions prevailing in a country impact heavily on local businesses and organization. Depending on how well prepares an organization is prepared to handle the economic changes that occur, the organization can either thrive in business or collapse. There is more to this picture. An individual organization cannot shield itself enough against harsh economic tides. Thus, the government has to create checks and balances to bring about a stable and sustainable economic environment so as to spur a steady economic growth for local businesses and firms to thrive. Role of the President and Congress in the Economy The President works hand in hand with congress to make policies that either stimulate or contract the economy.Such policies may be made to either increase or reduce government spending on such sectors as defense, in terms of military spending, health, education and other sectors. Primarily, the government must spend in order to develop infrastructure, provide basic services to the people as well as enforce laws and contracts on the land (Mitchell, 2005). Without such expenditure, there would be little, if any, economic progress. However, a balance must be maintained to ensure that this expenditure does not exceed what the nation can afford. The government must, therefore, â€Å"live within its means.† With increased spending, the government tends to increase taxes in order to meet the cost. This in reverse, threatens productivity among theShow MoreRelated Congress Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesfor Congress in the United State s. It serves many roles such as making laws, implementing national policy and watching over the other two branches of government. These are just a few of the duties of our U.S. Congress. Although they are essential to our government, there are potential problems. 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Though this title does not give the president absolute authority, it does grant him or her strong jurisdiction in the legislatureRead MorePublic Policy Is An Essential Element Of The United States Government977 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment. Congress, the president, the Cabinet, as well as the thousands members of the bureaucracy, all play a crucial role in defining how political decision are made in the United States. Public policy not only shapes the national government, but it also shapes the state and local governments as well. Domestic, foreign, and economic policies are come together to form public policy as a whole and all deal with differen t issues and problems of the country. However, both the president and Congress bothRead MoreForeign Policy : An Overview Of Major Trends Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesa stronger world economy system. 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The Target Of This Literature Review Essay - 1372 Words

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION The target of this literature review is to study what literature is presented on the research topic. This chapter will focus on BIM, project scheduling and on how these both topics can work mutually. The literature objective is to explore and discover what is already researched by researchers. By reading lots of journal more knowledge is gained and can apply to the thesis. All of the information was collected from UNITEN library, and also from the published journals such as Science Direct, IEEE and so on that registered with the university. 2.2 BIM Capabilities BIM is a new technology that should be implementing on the construction industry. U.S. General Service Administration or known as GSA is more categorical in their definition of BIM which is: â€Å"The purpose of BIM is to make the design information explicit, so that the design intent and program can be immediately understood and evaluated. 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Sports Management

Question: Write a report on "Sports Management". Answer: Introduction Responding to mess and getting favorable outcomes is always the clear focus of administrators, but often if forms to be a problem due to the emergence of significant hurdles within the system. Responding to certain issues becomes a managers first responsibility and it clearly reflects on the prowess that he or she possesses as a manager. Often it is seen that administrative mess is very tough to be eliminated and an organisation suffers the administrative mess created by a certain individual or a group of people. It is important to mention that responding to administrative mess involves different movements that ensures that the mess created is effective addressed and responded in order to go ahead with the operations of a particular organisation. Administrative shortfalls that affect the operations of a particular organisation have to be handled effectively or else it might affect the long term plans of a company (Jackson, 2014). The present case of Administrative mess highlights the problem of Montana State High School Athletic Association (MSHSAA) where the organisation has serious implications for poor sports management and its related aspects. The case study will highlight the different aspects of management that is relevant to administrative shortcomings of the organisation. The study will involve the discussions of several issues which pertain to the subject of strategic management in a company. The study takes into account strategic management issues, organisational behavior, human resource management and game officiating aspects. The case especially emphasises on the numerous administrative processes a sport administrator would face. The case clearly reveals the possible potential barriers an administrator is likely to face while trying to settle down in this industry. There are several issues that have been enlisted in this study clearly hinting at the potential threats that they could have on the su ccessful administration of a sports body (Pedersen Thibault, 2014). The present study will take an opportunity to effectively discuss the key issues involved with the case and effectively provide solutions to them in order to complete the study successfully. At the same time it will also try to delve deep into the aspects of organisational behavior and strategic management issues that will help to clear up the administrative mess and run the operations of the organisation smoothly. The key challenges and responsibilities of a sports administrator would be highlighted giving an opportunity to effectively analyse the validity and the reliability of the findings achieved from this present study. Presently the sports industry has a coordinators position and it is important for the students to realise the common issues and challenges that a coordinator faces. The coordinator requires certain skills sets to fulfill the administrative responsibilities and it is important for students stud ying management to be aware of the given administrative responsibilities and skill sets. The present study will be effective in engaging other sports management students as it discusses the administrative responsibilities that go with all the different sports administration positions. The present case of Montana State High School Athletic Association would help us to address the key objective of the study to effectively respond to administrative mess (Atalay et al., 2013). Challenges and Issues Faced in redesigning Basketball Referee Program at MSHSAA There are various challenges and issues which have gradually crept up and slowed down the development of the Referee program redesigning at Montana State High School Athletic Association. As given in the case study the organisation has not been handled well over the years by the previous administrator at the office and this has given rise to different issues and challenges that Mr. Davis Tripp has to address to develop the operation of the MSHSAA. There is a lot of information available for Tripp to utilise to make amends in the movement and strategic decisions made for the smooth operation of the organisation. There are numerous key challenges that the last administrator Mr. Jack Mason created for him to come and succeed. As a sports coordinator it is extremely important for Davis Tripp to identify the challenges and issues that are there to be solved. The present case of sport administration is multi faceted and has several issues related to administration (Horine Stotlar, 2013). The case has reflected that it has different issues and challenges in different sections of the organisation for instance strategic management issues, organisational behavior issues, and human resource management challenges, leaderships shortcomings et cetera. Secondly there are also lack of administrative policies and procedures pertinent to the officiating and organising basketball games. Apart from this it is also important to take care of the relevant issues to promote the interest of other sports like Baseball and Rugby et cetera. The challenges and issues are given below according to their importance and potential implications on the organisation: Strategic Management Issues: With Jack Mason leaving the office with a lot of setbacks behind him, it put MSHSAA in deep trouble (Houlihan, 2014). The former administrator did not have a great tenure at MSHSAA and had a lot of trouble regarding management issues. The organisation really failed to put up proper strategic management policies, it failed to develop mission, vision and objectives which is extremely important for the effective operation of the organisation. Strategic management issues are important and should be given paramount importance as this forms to be the pillar of an organisation. For a company framing mission, vision and objectives would help to achieve long term plans of the organisation. As there was no strategic management policy in the organisation it could be said that the MSHSAA would fall prey to different management loopholes that are likely to affect the operation of the organisation. It was quite visible during the tenure of Jack Mason that Montana State High School Athletic Associa tion reached new low which could be termed as the ramification of poor strategic management decisions. Hence it is quite important that during the tenure of Davis Tripp the MSHSAA successfully frames strategic management policies like effective mission, vision and short term and long term objectives which would help Mr. Tripp to bring the derailed back on track effectively (Rtten et al., 2009). In this case having the stakeholders on the same page is very important as poor strategic management policies have highly affected the stakeholders. The school basketball teams havent had a great season and on the other hand there were some severe issues which came up during the tenure of the former administrator which affected the relationship of MSHSAA with its stakeholders. The referees werent given proper appraisals and school teams werent provided with infrastructure to perform well. Basketball officiating issues: Basketball officiating issues reached a new low during the tenure of the former administrator. It is important to mention that Montana State High School Athletic Association emphasises on Basketball which has not undergone gradual development in the school which has become a real problem. This is what Davis Tripp will have to take into account when revamping the system for the development of the overall system. The basketball officiating system in MSHSAA has been affected as referees have given up working for this organisation due to its ill-treatment of the referees. The officiating system of the games has been affected and due to this the trust over the organisation has been affected (Gillentine et al., 2009). This issue was created as number of referees working for the organisation slowly and steadily decreased. It could be seen in the graph given below. Fig 1: Referees by number over the years The above graph shows that the number of referees officiating has decreased to a significant level in the past. When MSHSAA had around more than 900 registered officials officiating basketball games for the organisation in 1980 it gradually declined over the years and came up to almost half of what was there in the 80s to 500. This is one of the key reasons that MSHSAA has faced games officiating issues. It could be said that the poor relationship management by the former coordinator is one of the key reasons that so many referees have declined offers from Montana State High School Athletic Association. In the year 1980 when female officials were taking an opportunity to break into officiating basketball matches the MSHSAA was the best place to be which is clearly showed in the graph. During that time a total count of female officials was 200 which gradually increased up to 450 in between 1985 and 1990 but started experiencing a gradual decline from early 90s and now the count till 2 010 was the lowest o just around 100 may be even less than 100 female officials willing to officiating basketball matches. This is another major issue for Mr. Tripp as bringing more referees into action will help the organisation to revive its past glory and will have more choices in allocating officials in basket games (Sam, 2009). This is in fact a key movement as this will increase placements and will allow employment opportunities for people. Overall it is important to mention that most of the officiating issues will have to be eliminated as this could affect the performance of the organisation and will also deny the organisation to achieve organisational goals. Discrimination Issues: Tripp had a very informative discussion about the problems of officials especially discrimination issues with one of his long time acquaintances Amy Summit about the problems with the female referees. Amy had been a professional official for a long time and has faced significant problems as a female official. It has been seen from the above graph that the number of female officials has reduced drastically due to problems of discrimination. During the tenure of the former coordinator Mr. Mason there was no significant steps taken to reduce the problems of discrimination. Amy described the agony of her officiating career which came to an end due to certain discrimination issues. The discussion with Amy clearly showed that female officials were not given ample support and provisions which would help the female community to come ahead in sports officiating (Bravo et al., 2012). The discrimination against female was very clear from the words of Amy. She clearly stat ed that female referees were showed unwelcome gestures and even got affected by sexual innuendos which made them feel immensely insecured and also there was action taken to increase the employment of female referees. It is important to mention that issues with female referees were there for a long time and slowly and steadily increased giving a clear indication that were was no strong strategic policy about handling female referee employment. The female referees were judged only by their gender. The differentiation done based on the gender is clearly an issue and it could be said that the discrimination issue has to be eliminated from the game otherwise it could pose to be a problem for the game as well as for the long term plans of MSHSAA. The MSHSAA will have to analyse the situation and identify the discrimination issues in order to eliminate them effectively (Houlihan Green, 2009). Human resource issues: Under the coordinatorship of Jack Mason it was very clear that the human resource management wasnt done effectively. This created a lot of problem and naturally the performance of the employees has gone down. The key human resource problems that have already affected the performance of MSHSAA are recruitment and selection of officials, the problem of flexibility, mitigation of disputes and appraisals and evaluation of the coaches and referees. Human resource management is an extremely important aspect of an organisation. Especially in sports management human resource plays a very key role. In most of the cases at Montana State High School Athletic Association human resource issues have affected the performance of the organisation. The human resource management hasnt been that effective in MSHSAA. The recruitment and selection of the officials has not been done well and was highly biased. Since the pervious coordinator was not friendly enough and had poor employ ee relations it affected the operations. On the other hand biasness of the recruitment and selection process did not result to effective recruitment as the former coordinator was not able to recruit the efficient officials that have reflected later poorly on the basketball games (Hums McLean, 2013). The human resource policies of MSHSAA has not been able to help the officials in terms of work-life balance and has also failed to provide flexibility in their jobs which is directly related to the less number of officials working for the organisation. Work and personal life balance is very important for officials as it will help them to stay consistent and focus on their job effectively but in sports providing flexibility is very tough. As a coordinator it is important to fix schedules which would provide the officials the required flexibility so that they can balance the work life and personal life. If the human resource management is not handled properly it would have serious implica tions on the operations of the organisation. Finally the appraisals done on the officials under Jack Mason were not good and this clearly reflected from the information and the binders that Jack left before he left the office. It is important to mention that Tripp assessed the different information left by Mason and it was clear that most of officials were not retained by MSHSAA. It showed that poor appraisals are one of the major reasons that forced the experienced officials like Amy Summit to leave the profession (Harris Parker, 2009). At the same time hiring young people with lack of experience created real problems as they were not competent enough to officiating matches. This in turn gave real taint on the operations of MSHSAA. Hence it could be said that the human resource issues are another major problem for the association. Work Culture and ambience: As discussed earlier work culture and ambience is very important in every industry and especially the sports industry. Ambience is the environment where an individual works and it is important for every organisation to provide employees with effective work ambience. In sports especially for referees and umpires and other officials is always very tough and in this case the work culture and ambience at MSHSAA wasnt good under Mr. Mason which forced a lot of referees to quit the job. One of the examples is Amy Summit walking away from the officiating matches. It has to be said that the work culture at MSHSAA has to be revamped since under the former coordinator was not good and it reflected on the substantial section of the officials have walked away from officiating matches. Female officials had to face trepidations that gradually reduced the number of female officials working to officiate basketball matches. Tripp has a huge role to play in improving the wor k culture and ambience so that officials could be called back to work (Greenhalgh et al., 2011). Public relations and communications: Public relations and communication is extremely important aspect in every organisation. Public relations and communications is the best way to effectively keep connected with the media as well as the common mass. It is important to mention that public relation is key for MSHSAA as it provides the best possible platform to keep the people updated and also have an effective view of the constant work done by an organisation. Public relation is not effectively done in Montana State High School Athletic Association as Jack Mason the former Coordinator was not a good administrator and under him the organisation experienced different scandals which has pushed the company back to wall (Masteralexis et al., 2011). It could be said that since after the scandal in the Raptors and Columbia Fall Tigers match the coordinator Mason was not found to comment which was a he gap between the media that represented common and the organisation MSHSAA. The communication was not proper which could not justify the decision of deploying inexperienced referees chosen for such a high pressure state final match. Since the communication was not that effective and justifications were not provided the organisation had to face criticisms which was imminent in this scenario. Hence it could be said that public relations and communication stands to be a key issue for Tripp to take care. As seen in the case the wrong decisions made by the referees created unrest and wasnt communicated well by the organisation MSHSAA. Overall it could be said that these issues and challenges are important to be addressed as it will ensure that MSHSAA comes back to the track successfully (Ronalds Rapers, 2012). Training and development of the Referees: From the case of Raptors vs. Columbia Falls Tigers it is clear that the inexperienced referees are not able to handle pressure matches and tend to make mistakes. It is already discussed that to become an expert referee it needs at least 10000 hours of training and hence it could be said that lack of training and development was a major setback for MSHSAA. During Masons leadership training and development was not gives paramount importance that led to scandalous Montana State Championship final match. Out of this it is visible that lack of training and development will constantly affect the capabilities of the referees. Overall it could be said that training and development is a key issue which Davis Tripp the present Coordinator of Montana State High School Athletic Association will have to take care of (Grix, 2010). Referee Program rebuilding at MSHSAA For Davis Tripp to bring back the past glory of MSHSAA is the first objective and for that he has to take some key decisions which would help to implement certain ideas and plans that will visibly develop the position of the organisation in terms of sports officiating. For effective rebuilding of the referee programs at MSHSAA it is important to identify and assess the impact of different issues that affect the operation of the organisation. The above column has effectively identified challenges and issues which are key for the development of the organisation. The above section has helped to assess all the different challenges and based on their merits it has also helped to identify the three different issues which have to be prioritised. All the challenges are important to be eliminated for the smooth operation of the organisation but Strategic management issues, human resource issues and officiating issues are more important to be addressed first (Barroso et al., 2010). The human r esource management issue is chosen as a key priority as this involves the aspect of culture in it which becomes extremely important for a healthy environment at the workplace as well as provides a perfect platform to effectively develop ideas and plans for the development of the operations in MSHSAA. For the effective rebuilding of the Referee program the chosen three issues will have to be handled effectively. The human resource issues, strategic management issues and officiating issues are key issues for Montana State High School Athletics Association. For eliminating these issues and challenges successfully the organisation needs to frame strategies and goals and objectives which would help the company to mitigate these risks and challenges effectively. These objectives will strive to cover up the strategic management issues that become the pillar of the organisation, the human resource issues which will address the aspects of culture and other human resource related problems and finally the officiating issues that the organisation has faced in the recent past during the coordinatorship of Jack Mason (Ferkins et al., 2010). Goals and Objectives to eliminate challenges and issues It is important to frame goals and objectives (short term and long term) to effectively eliminate the issues and challenges faced by Montana State High School Athletics Association. Most of the time organisations fail to address issues and challenges due to lack of effectual agenda and hence in it becomes important that as a coordinator Davis Tripp takes small steps to be able to eliminate key challenges and issues faced by the organisation in organising referee rebuilding program. The different objectives framed are discussed below: Develop mission and vision for the organisation: Every organisation has a specific focus which acts to be the destination that an organisation wants to reach. Framing a mission statement will give MSHSAA an opportunity to set a perfect platform to go ahead with its agenda. It is a long term objective which the organisation has to frame and work accordingly. This is one of key movement made to eliminate the strategic management issues. Since the organisation doesnt have effective vision it has not been able to perform consistently enough in terms of creating expert referees and officials who will become most sought candidates for officiating basketball games. On the other hand vision will help the organisation to create minds that like to contemplate and develop the game by profound thinking and are likely to take sports to the next level. This objective will ensure that the company is making amendments for the development of the game, for the development of the career of referees and finally for the organisation (Burton et al., 2009). Stakeholder engagement: This is another key objective to develop strategic management at MSHSAA. The stakeholders are a very important part of every organisation and hence it is important for MSHSAA to involve them in the operation of the organisation. The involvement of stakeholders like media will help the organisation communicate in a better way which would improve the public relations of the organisations, and will help to realise what sports loving people want. Referees another key stakeholder is very important as well. They should be positively communicated and keep updated about the changes and implementations made which will help to be on the same page as the stakeholders and will provide the required support from them (Anderson Birrer, 2009). Forming Effective selection and recruitment panel: This objective will help to address the human resource issues to a large extent. Effective and qualified selection panel will be able to understand the true potential of the officials to be recruited. On the other hand this will also ensure that the selection and recruitment of the officials are done in an unbiased manner based only on merit. The officials are now recruited only by giving written tests but it will also help the panel of judges to see how equipped a referee is with their knowledge. This will help to recruit officials irrespective of the gender and will make the recruitment and selection procedure much more justified reducing any kind of error made during the entire procedure of selection (Knoppers McDonald, 2010). Framing better human resource policy: Framing better human resource policies is a long term objective that will help MSHSAA to make their human resource management stable. It will help to improve the practice of human resource management at MSHSAA and will also ensure that all the contracted officials are provided with all kinds of facilities that they deserve to get and did not receive during the tenure of Jack Mason the former coordinator at MSHSAA. Better human resource policy will take into account the different aspects of HRM like effective game allocation for the officials, increase in pay, flexibility and proper official treatment. This will help to improve the employee culture at MSHSAA and will also help to reduce the errors taking place in judgement by officials during games (Li et al., 2009). Enforcement of policies to reducing discrimination and quick recruitment: The officiating of basketball games have experienced worst days as there has been all sorts of discrimination especially with female officials which has reduced the number of female referees officiating basketball matches. On the other hand quick recruitment will help to increase the total number of officials gradually which will help to allocate officials for matches effectively and also will open an avenue to provide officials with flexibility in work which will help them to allocate time to their work life and personal life. This objective will help to emphasise on better work culture and opportunities to the officials and help them to establish their careers as referees. This will not only increase their confidence but will also provide moral boost to these officials (Hoye et al., 2015). Overall these objectives will be effective in meeting the key challenges and issues identified and will also help to eliminate them from MSHSAA so that the organisation to operate smoothly and devise plans to move forward. Action Plan Objective Action/Activity Target dates Status 1. Develop and support action groups for each of 3 priority areas. These action groups would then. Began effort at May 21, 2016 mtg. April 2017 Ongoing 2. Recruitment and selection Already framed a panel of experts and recruitment will be done shortly. Within six months of the initiative Starting soon. 3. Development of human resource policies Human resource department is sketched and key policies have started. Within six months from starting date. Ongoing 4. Develop assessment to measure effectiveness impact off the agenda document. Coordinator is personally taking care of the program. Assessment and monitoring is done on the extensive scale. Within 3 months. Ongoing 5. Develop a supportive environment for exchange of ideas, partnering, and involvement of stakeholders. Meetings have been done and stakeholders have been approached. Within end of September Ongoing In order to devise an effective plan it is important for Davis Tripp to have strong human and financial resources. It is important for every plan to have effective financial support as it wouldnt experience proper implementation. For the development of agendas and execution of the plans it is important to utilise resources which wouldnt be accessed if financial resources are not there. Apart from this it is important to mention that the above objectives would be achieved if there is available financial support from the organisation. In order to execute these objectives effectively it is important for the Tripp to get efficient people with him so that all the objectives are effectively implemented (Kenney et al., 2015). Reflective Account Personally undergoing this managerial assignment it could be said that I understood the core aspects of sports administration. Sports administration is an emerging field and hence it is extremely important that key aspects of management are effectual and implemented effectively for the successful completion of a management project. The present study comprises of different aspects like human resource management, officiating issues, strategic management issues et cetera. This case is multi faceted and hence it has helped me to understand the key concepts of sports administration. I have got a clear view of these different concepts and their use in sports administration. The study asked to enlist all the key issues and challenges which if not eliminated will affect the operations of the Montana State High School Athletic Association. It is important to mention that concepts of strategic management and human resource management play a very crucial role in this case and has helped me to d evelop cognitive intelligence in relation to strategic management. The change management is the biggest hurdle for me and it can be only overcome by effective discussion with all the layers of the organisation and through assurance that a change management will ensure success to the company. On the other hand it will also be promised that only based on performance employees will be retained and under no other circumstances. The case has helped me to develop strategic mission, vision and effective objectives for the company that would help me to develop potential ideas and plans for the development of effective strategy. On the other hand as a coordinator it is also important for me to develop ideas to mitigate discrimination issues especially for females. The case of administrative mess has helped me to realise the potential threats to management of an organisation especially in the sports administration it is very important to have gender equality and hence having effective strategic management policies would help to provide equality in all respect. As a sports coordinator it is very important to have effective communication skills and public relation ideas which will help the organisation to be on the same page with their stakeholders. In this case there are multiple issues of communication which has helped me to plan and implement different ideas which has helped me to develop my public relationship skills. Sport management involves handling different aspects of sports especially arbitration, and officiating challenges. It has helped me to understand the issues of different officials and address them effectively to help them be in a position of peace. The study has help me to comprehend the impact of effective human resource policies as it was very visible from the case that poor human resource management could have negative impact on the administration. Hence it is now clear for me that strategic management issues and human resource issues are not merely theoretically important but it is also important practically. Finally the study has also helped me to understand to provide flexibility, work-life balance to officials and proper training and development which will help me in the long run. For officials keeping up with the pace of the game is very important and hence having a physically fit body is extremely important. I have realised that for referees it is important that proper training and development is important and as a coordinator I will emphasise on it in case I get the responsibilities of a coordinator. Overall to conclude it is important to mention that this study has helped me to realise the different concepts of sport s administration and their importance of implementation for growth and development. Conclusion and Recommendation It is important to implement certain tools and techniques which will help to comprehend that objectives are executed well. Mere framing of objectives are not effective and they have to be implemented effectively in order to ensure success of the overall action plan. To monitor objectives are executed well the coordinator could implement actions which will help to deal with objectives. For instance Tripp in this case can frame a team who will constantly take care of the operations of the organisation. The human resource management and strategic management objectives could be monitored through constant evaluation every fortnight. Its progress and improvement can be evaluated through effective scrutiny and development programs. Overall it could be said that this study has been effective enough in developing intelligence on sports administration that would help in the long run (Boyle Haynes, 2009). References Anderson, K.S. and Birrer, G.E., 2011. Creating a sustainable competitive advantage: a resource-based analysis of the Gonzaga University mens basketball program.Journal of Sport Administration and Supervision,3(1). Atalay, A., Ycel, A.S. and Boztepe, E., 2013. A Different Approach to The Modern Sport Administration: Method of ÄÂ °nnovation. Barroso, O., Schamasch, P. and Rabin, O., 2009. Detection of GH abuse in sport: past, present and future.Growth Hormone IGF Research,19(4), pp.369-374. Boyle, R. and Haynes, R., 2009.Power play: Sport, the media and popular culture. Edinburgh University Press. Bravo, G., Won, D. and Shonk, D.J., 2012. Entry-Level Employment in Intercollegiate Athletic Departments: Non-Readily Observables and Readily Oberservable Attributes of Job Candidates.Journal of Applied Sport Management,4(1). Burton, L.J., Barr, C.A., Fink, J.S. and Bruening, J.E., 2009. Think athletic director, think masculine?: Examination of the gender typing of managerial subroles within athletic administration positions.Sex Roles,61(5-6), pp.416-426. Ferkins, L., McDonald, G. and Shilbury, D., 2010. A model for improving board performance: The case of a national sport organisation.Journal of Management Organization,16(04), pp.601-621. Gillentine, A., Crow, R.B. and Harris, J., 2009. Introduction to the sport industry.Foundations of sport management, pp.1-14. Greenhalgh, G.P., Simmons, J.M., Hambrick, M.E. and Greenwell, T.C., 2011. Spectator support: Examining the attributes that differentiate niche from mainstream sport.Sport Marketing Quarterly,20(1), p.41. Grix, J., 2010. The governance debateand the study of sport policy.International journal of sport policy,2(2), pp.159-171. Harris, J. and Parker, A. eds., 2009.Sport and social identities. Palgrave Macmillan. Horine, L. and Stotlar, D., 2013.Administration of physical education and sport programs. Waveland Press. Houlihan, B. and Green, M., 2009. Modernization and sport: The reform of Sport England and UK Sport.Public administration,87(3), pp.678-698. Houlihan, B., 2014.The Government and Politics of Sport (RLE Sports Studies)(Vol. 6). Routledge. Hoye, R., Smith, A.C., Nicholson, M. and Stewart, B., 2015.Sport management: principles and applications. Routledge. Hums, M.A. and MacLean, J., 2013.Governance and policy in sport organizations. Jackson, R., 2014. Sport administration manual. Kenney, W.L., Wilmore, J. and Costill, D., 2015.Physiology of Sport and Exercise 6th Edition. Human kinetics. Knoppers, A. and McDonald, M., 2010. Scholarship on gender and sport in Sex Roles and beyond.Sex roles,63(5-6), pp.311-323. Li, K.X., Ma, W.P., Qiu, L. and YOU, B., 2009. An empirical analysis of topic selection of general sport administration of chinas sport social science and soft science study.Journal of Beijing Sport University,32(10), pp.31-35. Masteralexis, L., Barr, C. and Hums, M., 2011.Principles and practice of sport management. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Pedersen, P.M. and Thibault, L. eds., 2014.Contemporary Sport Management, 5E. Human Kinetics. Ronalds, C. and Raper, E., 2012.Discrimination law and practice. Federation Press. Rtten, A., Abu-Omar, K., Frahsa, A. and Morgan, A., 2009. Assets for policy making in health promotion: overcoming political barriers inhibiting women in difficult life situations to access sport facilities.Social Science Medicine,69(11), pp.1667-1673. Sam, M.P., 2009. The public management of sport: wicked problems, challenges and dilemmas.Public management review,11(4), pp.499-514.

To What Extent Can Control of Written Language Create or Reinforce Power Essay Example

To What Extent Can Control of Written Language Create or Reinforce Power? Essay To what extent can control of written language create or reinforce power? Written language is intended to influence both our thoughts and behavior. Today, we depend on written language as our sense of thought. It is often questioned that if it weren’t for written language, would individual thoughts ever be able to exist? However, it is evident that thoughts cannot exist without written language, ultimately inferring that written language is a tool used to both create as well as reinforce power. Today, written language plays a key role in society; to some, it is considered as the world’s universal discipline and is identified as the mold for our world today. Written language exerts a sort of hidden power. In regards to the role of written language, and its relationship towards authority, it is evident that it creates and reinforces power over societies of today. Powerful figures often use specific terminology within certain texts in order to create and reinforce power, especially over those who are inferior to them. For example, the Weekly Standard has myriads of articles that are financially supported by Rupert Murdock who owns Fox News. Fox News is well known for its biased and manipulative information. Like Fox News, the Weekly Standard also specific written language in order to manipulate its readers; in addition, Weekly Standard is able to create and reinforce power, as the majority of its readers are unable to pinpoint the biased information being portrayed. For example, the Weekly Standard often includes biased information with regards to America’s government, and to those who are in power or who have been in power, such as President Bush. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Can Control of Written Language Create or Reinforce Power? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Can Control of Written Language Create or Reinforce Power? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Can Control of Written Language Create or Reinforce Power? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Clearly, based on the example above, it is evident that without written language, the majority of the world’s different civilizations wouldn’t be able to express such powerful accusations over the world and the societies confined within it. As a result, without such biased news sources, and specific manipulative terminology used by superior figures, the people of the world wouldn’t be defined by: its classes, ethnicities and genders. In order to justify such a statement, we can infer that written language can vary with regards to relationships with authority. It is significant to distinguish the difference between informal and formal writing, with regards to whom it is addressed to. A more personal example would be the way I write to inferiors and superiors. It is notable that when I communicate with superior figures, a formal type of written language is used as opposed to the use of informal written language when I communicate with someone who is inferior or equally inferior to me. For example, when writing my personal, it was primarily composed of formal written language. For example, â€Å"Personally, I believe that psychology is a world of so many unanswered questions. Day to day, I find myself trying to understand and question the role of our mental functions, our social behavior, as well as other psychological processes. † However, when writing a text message to a close friend, I use informal written language such as, â€Å"Hey, sup? I hv gtg now, so ttyl. † The implications here are that, written language can ultimately vary from person to person depending on their role in society. Therefore, written language can be used to both create as well as reinforce power as written language can vary depending on your level in society, and to those who you are addressing. However, written language is not evident in every language. Today, the world is composed of thousands of languages that are not written, which brings about the question of who has the power if written power isn’t there to create and reinforce it? For example, there has been a recent discovery of an endangered language known as Koro. Koro is only spoken by about 800 people in northeast India, and is unwritten and only transmitted orally. Therefore, due to the lack of a written language within the Koro language, it is evident that written language cannot always create and reinforce power. Written language is a controlling tool, which creates and reinforces power; it is often used to limit ones knowledge of written language in order to maintain control over what they are able to and unable to understand. One interpretation of such control is academic vocabulary, and the effect of knowing versus not knowing them would have. For instance, last week I was assigned a vocabulary list that was composed of words such as, â€Å"wily†, and â€Å"microcosm†. If I didn’t know the definitions of these words, then it would be difficult to fill in the blanks on the test. This example indicates the type of control written language can have over a person. It is evident that I am only limited to words that I know, and so not knowing the definition of certain words can hinder your chances of understanding someone or misinterpret what is being stated. Another examples is seen in warfare, where the military reports to the press about their overall progress. The military may use terminology that the general public is unable to understand. For example, the U. S. military referred to the bombing and invasion of Iraq as, â€Å"Operation Iraqi Freedom†. In a way, the military uses such terminology to maintain control over the public’s understanding about the overall reality and truth of war. Written language is also evident in everyday life such as, on traffic signs, food product labels, advertisements, practically everywhere. For instance, on a packet of organic jumbo oats, it states the nutritional value, the guideline daily amount, its ingredients, and also a list of instructions on how to make porridge. Nowadays, the majority of the world’s citizens rely on such signs and written language in order to get by day by day. The reliance on such written language demonstrates how it can generally create and reinforce power. This is because it directly aims at the public in a way that they can either â€Å"persuade† or â€Å"manipulate† an individual into buying their product, or simply to direct them to the nearest store. The implications here are that written language possesses direct control over our actions, and as a result, it is notably easier to maintain control as well as create and reinforce power to the controller’s advantage. However, this also brings about the question of illiteracy and how that affects the control and reinforcing of power. According to 2002 UNESCO, it is estimated that more than 867 million adults are illiterate. Therefore, if one is unable to comprehend written language, then written language is obviously unable to control and reinforce power over someone who is illiterate. In conclusion, written language to a certain extent can create and reinforce power. In a way, written language exerts a sort of hidden power. It has the ability to cause the division in society, between those who are inferior and superior to one another, and it also has the ability to limit a person’s knowledge of something. However, written language cannot always be used to create and reinforce power, as not every language is based on written language, and also a lot of people within the world of today are illiterate. With the lack of written language in certain language and a great deal of illiteracy, written language cannot always create and reinforce power. Word Count: 1200 To What Extent Can Control of Written Language Create or Reinforce Power Essay Example To What Extent Can Control of Written Language Create or Reinforce Power? Essay To what extent can control of written language create or reinforce power? Written language is intended to influence both our thoughts and behavior. Today, we depend on written language as our sense of thought. It is often questioned that if it weren’t for written language, would individual thoughts ever be able to exist? However, it is evident that thoughts cannot exist without written language, ultimately inferring that written language is a tool used to both create as well as reinforce power. Today, written language plays a key role in society; to some, it is considered as the world’s universal discipline and is identified as the mold for our world today. Written language exerts a sort of hidden power. In regards to the role of written language, and its relationship towards authority, it is evident that it creates and reinforces power over societies of today. Powerful figures often use specific terminology within certain texts in order to create and reinforce power, especially over those who are inferior to them. For example, the Weekly Standard has myriads of articles that are financially supported by Rupert Murdock who owns Fox News. Fox News is well known for its biased and manipulative information. Like Fox News, the Weekly Standard also specific written language in order to manipulate its readers; in addition, Weekly Standard is able to create and reinforce power, as the majority of its readers are unable to pinpoint the biased information being portrayed. For example, the Weekly Standard often includes biased information with regards to America’s government, and to those who are in power or who have been in power, such as President Bush. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Can Control of Written Language Create or Reinforce Power? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Can Control of Written Language Create or Reinforce Power? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Can Control of Written Language Create or Reinforce Power? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Clearly, based on the example above, it is evident that without written language, the majority of the world’s different civilizations wouldn’t be able to express such powerful accusations over the world and the societies confined within it. As a result, without such biased news sources, and specific manipulative terminology used by superior figures, the people of the world wouldn’t be defined by: its classes, ethnicities and genders. In order to justify such a statement, we can infer that written language can vary with regards to relationships with authority. It is significant to distinguish the difference between informal and formal writing, with regards to whom it is addressed to. A more personal example would be the way I write to inferiors and superiors. It is notable that when I communicate with superior figures, a formal type of written language is used as opposed to the use of informal written language when I communicate with someone who is inferior or equally inferior to me. For example, when writing my personal, it was primarily composed of formal written language. For example, â€Å"Personally, I believe that psychology is a world of so many unanswered questions. Day to day, I find myself trying to understand and question the role of our mental functions, our social behavior, as well as other psychological processes. † However, when writing a text message to a close friend, I use informal written language such as, â€Å"Hey, sup? I hv gtg now, so ttyl. † The implications here are that, written language can ultimately vary from person to person depending on their role in society. Therefore, written language can be used to both create as well as reinforce power as written language can vary depending on your level in society, and to those who you are addressing. However, written language is not evident in every language. Today, the world is composed of thousands of languages that are not written, which brings about the question of who has the power if written power isn’t there to create and reinforce it? For example, there has been a recent discovery of an endangered language known as Koro. Koro is only spoken by about 800 people in northeast India, and is unwritten and only transmitted orally. Therefore, due to the lack of a written language within the Koro language, it is evident that written language cannot always create and reinforce power. Written language is a controlling tool, which creates and reinforces power; it is often used to limit ones knowledge of written language in order to maintain control over what they are able to and unable to understand. One interpretation of such control is academic vocabulary, and the effect of knowing versus not knowing them would have. For instance, last week I was assigned a vocabulary list that was composed of words such as, â€Å"wily†, and â€Å"microcosm†. If I didn’t know the definitions of these words, then it would be difficult to fill in the blanks on the test. This example indicates the type of control written language can have over a person. It is evident that I am only limited to words that I know, and so not knowing the definition of certain words can hinder your chances of understanding someone or misinterpret what is being stated. Another examples is seen in warfare, where the military reports to the press about their overall progress. The military may use terminology that the general public is unable to understand. For example, the U. S. military referred to the bombing and invasion of Iraq as, â€Å"Operation Iraqi Freedom†. In a way, the military uses such terminology to maintain control over the public’s understanding about the overall reality and truth of war. Written language is also evident in everyday life such as, on traffic signs, food product labels, advertisements, practically everywhere. For instance, on a packet of organic jumbo oats, it states the nutritional value, the guideline daily amount, its ingredients, and also a list of instructions on how to make porridge. Nowadays, the majority of the world’s citizens rely on such signs and written language in order to get by day by day. The reliance on such written language demonstrates how it can generally create and reinforce power. This is because it directly aims at the public in a way that they can either â€Å"persuade† or â€Å"manipulate† an individual into buying their product, or simply to direct them to the nearest store. The implications here are that written language possesses direct control over our actions, and as a result, it is notably easier to maintain control as well as create and reinforce power to the controller’s advantage. However, this also brings about the question of illiteracy and how that affects the control and reinforcing of power. According to 2002 UNESCO, it is estimated that more than 867 million adults are illiterate. Therefore, if one is unable to comprehend written language, then written language is obviously unable to control and reinforce power over someone who is illiterate. In conclusion, written language to a certain extent can create and reinforce power. In a way, written language exerts a sort of hidden power. It has the ability to cause the division in society, between those who are inferior and superior to one another, and it also has the ability to limit a person’s knowledge of something. However, written language cannot always be used to create and reinforce power, as not every language is based on written language, and also a lot of people within the world of today are illiterate. With the lack of written language in certain language and a great deal of illiteracy, written language cannot always create and reinforce power. Word Count: 1200

A Candidate for Murder Essay Essays

A Candidate for Murder Essay Essays A Candidate for Murder Essay Essay A Candidate for Murder Essay Essay Murder is a remarkable page turner by Joan Lowery Nixon. The book is fictional and suspenseful, it has a length of two hundred ten pages and was published by Dell Publishing in 1991. The story seemed to start a little slow but, It sped up soon after the first chapter. It was a quick read and it kept me on my toes, always curious about what was going to happen next. A Candidate For Murder Is about a girl (Cary) whose father (Charles) Is running for the Governor of Texas. While at a party, Cary overhears a conversation led between two men. They notice that she heard some of the crucial Information and now they do everything In their power to keep her from telling anyone. Even If that means they have to hurt her Or even kill her. Onions goal and topic of this book was to keep the reader entertained, and she definitely stayed on topic. The most Important and Interesting part of the book was chapters 15 through 19. Theyre full of the action-filled mammals pieces needed to put this puzzle of a story together. I do believe that this novel met the goals of the author. It gave me plenty of entertainment, and kept me busy. The book is an astonishing and powerful read from cover to cover. The ending could have been a little longer but, I loved all the twists and turns the story had. I would recommend this to anyone, it will capture your mind and take you on an adventure; as if you were in the story. This is easily one of the best pieces Ive ever read, Joan Lowery Nixon is the elite of all authors. Her adventures and persona in her writing makes you want to buy all of her books and read every single one of them.

The Royal Road of the Achaemenids in Darius Empire

The Royal Road of the Achaemenids in Darius Empire The Royal Road of the Achaemenids was a major intercontinental thoroughfare built by the Persian Achaemenid dynasty king Darius the Great (521–485 BCE). The road network allowed Darius a way to access and maintain control over his conquered cities throughout the Persian empire. It is also, ironically enough, the same road that Alexander the Great used to conquer the Achaemenid dynasty a century and a half later. The Royal Road led from the Aegean Sea to Iran, a length of some 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers). A major branch connected the cities of Susa, Kirkuk, Nineveh, Edessa, Hattusa, and Sardis. The journey from Susa to Sardis was reported to have taken 90 days on foot, and three more to get to the Mediterranean coast at Ephesus. The journey would have been faster on horseback, and carefully placed way stations helped speed the communication network. From Susa the road connected to Persepolis and India and intersected with other road systems leading to the ancient allied and competing kingdoms of Media, Bactria, and Sogdiana. A branch from Fars to Sardis crossed the foothills of the Zagros mountains and east of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, through Kilikia and Cappadocia before reaching Sardis. Another branch led into Phyrgia. Not Just a Road Network The network might have been called the Royal Road, but it also included rivers, canals, and trails, as well as ports and anchorages for seaborne travel. One canal built for Darius I connected the Nile to the Red Sea. An idea of the amount of traffic that the roads saw has been gleaned by ethnographer Nancy J. Malville, who examined ethnographic records of Nepali porters. She found that human porters can move loads of 60–100 kilograms (132–220 pounds) a distance of 10–15 kilometers (6–9 miles) per day without the benefit of roads. Mules can carry loads of 150–180 kg (330–396 lbs) up to 24 km (14 mi) per day; and camels can carry much heavier loads up to 300 kg (661 lbs), some 30 km (18 mi) per day. Pirradazish: Express Postal Service According to the Greek historian Herodotus, a postal relay system called pirradazish (express runner or fast runner) in Old Iranian and angareion in Greek, served to connect up the major cities in an ancient form of high-speed communication. Herodotus is known to have been prone to exaggeration, but he was definitely impressed with what he saw and heard. There is nothing mortal that is faster than the system that the Persians have devised for sending messages. Apparently, they have horses and men posted at intervals along the route, the same number in total as the overall length in days of the journey, with a fresh horse and rider for every day of travel. Whatever the conditions- it may be snowing, raining, blazing hot, or dark- they never fail to complete their assigned journey in the fastest possible time. The first man passes his instructions on to the second, the second to the third, and so on. Herodotus, The Histories Book 8, chapter 98, cited in Colburn and translated by R. Waterfield. Historic Records of the Road As you might have guessed, there are multiple historical records of the road, including such as Herotodus who mentioned the royal waystations along one of the best-known segments. Extensive information also comes from the Persepolis Fortification Archive (PFA), tens of thousands of clay tablets and fragments incised in cuneiform writing, and excavated from the ruins of Darius capital at Persepolis. Much information about the Royal Road comes from the PFAs Q texts, tablets which record the disbursement of specific travelers rations along the way, describing their destinations and/or points of origin. Those endpoints are often far beyond the local area of Persepolis and Susa. One travel document was carried by the individual named Nehtihor, who was authorized to draw rations in a string of cities through northern Mesopotamia from Susa to Damascus. Demotic and hieroglyphic graffiti dated to Darius Is 18th regnal year (~503 BCE) has identified another important segment of the Royal Road known as Darb Rayayna, which ran in North Africa between Armant in the Qena Bend in Upper Egypt and the Kharga Oasis in the Western Desert. Architectural Features Determining Darius construction methods of the road is somewhat difficult since the Achmaenid road was built following older roadways. Probably most of the routes were unpaved but there are some exceptions. A few intact sections of the road which date to Dariuss time, such as that at Gordion and Sardis, were constructed with cobblestone pavements atop a low embankment from 5–7 meters (16–23 feet) in width and, in places, faced with a curbing of dressed stone. At Gordion, the road was 6.25 m (20.5 ft) wide, with a packed gravel surface and curbstones and a ridge down the middle dividing it into two lanes. Theres also a rock-cut road segment at Madakeh which has been associated with the Persepolis–Susa road, 5 m (16.5 ft) wide. These paved sections were likely limited to the vicinities of cities or the most important arteries. Way Stations Even ordinary travelers had to stop on such long journeys. A hundred and eleven way-posting stations were reported to have existed on the main branch between Susa and Sardis, where fresh horses were kept for travelers. They are recognized by their similarities to caravanserais, stops on the Silk Road for camel traders. These are square or rectangular stone buildings with multiple rooms around a broad market area, and an enormous gate allowing parcel- and human-laden camels to pass under it. The Greek philosopher Xenophon called them hippon, of horses in Greek, which means they probably also included stables. A handful of way stations have been tentatively identified archaeologically. One possible way station is a large (40x30 m, 131x98 ft) five-room stone building near the site of Kuh-e Qale (or Qaleh Kali), on or very close to the Persepolis–Susa road, known to have been a major artery for royal and court traffic. It is somewhat more elaborate than would have been expected for a simple travelers inn, with fancy columns and porticoes. Expensive luxury items in delicate glass and imported stone have been found at Qaleh Kali, all of which leads scholars to surmise that the site was an exclusive way station for wealthier travelers. Travelers Comfort Inns Another possible but less fancy way station has been identified at the site of JinJan (Tappeh Survan), in Iran. There are two known near Germabad and Madakeh on the Pesrpolis–Susa road, one at Tangi-Bulaghi near Pasargadae, and one at Deh Bozan between Susa and Ecbatana. Tang-i Bulaghi is a courtyard surrounded by thick walls, with several smaller ancient buildings, which fits other types of ancient buildings but also caravanserais. The one near Madakeh is of similar construction. Various historic documents suggest that there were likely maps, itineraries, and milestones to aid travelers in their journeys. According to documents in the PFA, there were also road maintenance crews. References exist of gangs of workmen known as road counters or people who count the road, who made sure that the road was in good repair. There is also a mention in the Roman writer Claudius Aelianus De natura animalium indicating that Darius asked at one point that the road from Susa to Media be cleared of scorpions. Archaeology of the Royal Road Much of what is known about the Royal Road comes not from archaeology, but from the Greek historian Herodotus, who described the Achaemenid imperial postal system. Archaeological evidence suggests that there were several precursors to the Royal Road: that portion which connects Gordion to the coast was likely used by Cyrus the Great during his conquest of Anatolia. It is possible that the first roads were established in the 10th century BCE under the Hittites. These roads would have been used as trade routes by the Assyrians and Hittites at Boghakzoy. Historian David French has argued that the much later Roman roads would have been constructed along the ancient Persian roads as well; some of the Roman roads are used today, meaning that parts of the Royal Road have been used continually for some 3,000 years. French argues that a southern route across the Euphrates at Zeugma and across Cappodocia, ending at Sardis, was the main Royal Road. This was the route taken by Cyrus the Younger in 401 BCE; and it is possible that Alexander the Great traveled this same route while conquering much of Eurasia in the 4th century BCE. The northern route proposed by other scholars as the main thoroughfare has three possible routes: through Ankara in Turkey and into Armenia, crossing the Euphrates in the hills near the Keban dam, or crossing the Euphrates at Zeugma. All of these segments were used both before and after the Achaemenids. Sources Asadu, Ali, and Barbara Kaim. The Acheamenid Building at Site 64 in Tang-E Bulaghi. Achaemenet Arta 9.3 (2009). Print. Colburn, Henry P. Connectivity and Communication in the Achaemenid Empire. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56.1 (2013): 29–52. Print.Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. Aspects of Empire in Achaemenid Sardis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print.French, David. Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor. The Persian Royal Road. Iran 36 (1998): 15–43. Print.Malville, Nancy J. Long-Distance Transport of Bulk Goods in the Pre-Hispanic American Southwest. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20.2 (2001): 230–43. Print.Stoneman, Richard. How Many Miles to Babylon? Maps, Guides, Roads, and Rivers in the Expeditions of Xenophon and Alexander. Greece and Rome 62.1 (2015): 60–74. Print.Sumner, W. M. Achaemenid Settlement in the Persepolis Plain. American Journal of Archaeology 90.1 (1986): 3–31. Print.Young, Rodne y S. Gordion on the Royal Road. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 107.4 (1963): 348–64. Print.

Sincerity & Authenticity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sincerity & Authenticity - Essay Example Pneumatology and religiosity are the two concepts which Emily Dickinson sets out to unravel in this poem. She makes a clear delineation between the two and shuns the rigidity and traditional orthodoxy of the organized church in favor of the omnipresent ideal of God, who pervades all things. Pneumatology is the combination of two Greek words-â€Å"pneuma,† which means wind, breath or spirit (the Holy Spirit) and â€Å"logos† which means word, matter or thing. In Christian systematic theology pneumatology refers to a study of the doctrine of the Holy Spirit. Religiosity on the other hand, refers to the practices of one’s religion within the prescribed manner dictated in religious texts. â€Å"Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church† is Emily Dickinson’s gentle questioning of the time honored ritual of keeping the Sabbath, by going to church on Sundays. For Emily Dickinson, the Sabbath or rest day which should be spent in contemplation to God, does not necessitate a visit to the church, since, she keeps it by â€Å"staying at home†. All the glories of God which religion expounds have been manifested to her in the beauty of nature, which is her church. Emily Dickinson uses the instruments of the Church to show how the very same things can be found in Nature, only if we take time to perceive and understand them. Hence, to Emily the chorister’s role (the lead singer in the church choir) is played to perfection by the bobolink, a small song-bird. The image of the bobolink can be understood better when we examine the physical characteristics of the bird. It is black on the underside and white on the back, which makes it stand out while singing in springtime. During winter it sheds it plumage and merges with the trees, just like the poet, who leads her life as a recluse, only coming-out rarely in public. The bobolink, which has already been addressed as the chorister, is given the second role of the sexton when Emily says - â€Å"And

Governments Balance Law and Order with Individual Freedom Essay

Governments Balance Law and Order with Individual Freedom - Essay Example The Government outlines the individual rights and freedoms in the constitution, which comprise a set of guidelines to govern the people. Thus, individual liberty needs a basis in law, but additionally, it must integrate the requirements of social order. This means that maintenance of law and order balances with individual freedom to guard and define the sphere of liberty of the individual and promote order in the society. Despite, democratic governments supporting the importance of freedom, they must put limits on individual freedoms. In this regard, provisions should forbid those deeds that would cause panic or harm for the general good. By this, the government ensure that it maintains law and order and at the same time offering individual freedom. In the United States, there is limitation of individual liberty to guard citizens from one another, to guarantee order in society and to uphold the common interests of the society. Therefore, the law must permit the sensible exercise of f reedoms.The Government can also strike this balance by supporting the social systems in the society that realize the goals of freedom and order. Fagin (2007) asserts that the society uses numerous strategies to attain these goals, including social standards imposed through the social forces of the family, government, religion and school. Through these social institutions, people learn the principles and requirements for good behavior and receive punishment when they infringe these social standards.

Re-Thinking Big Box Stores Essay Example for Free

Re-Thinking Big Box Stores Essay Rethinking Big-Box Stores In her essay Big Box Stores Are Bad for Main Street, Betsy Taylor focuses not on the economic effects of large chain stores but on the effects these stores have on the soul of America. She argues that stores like Home Depot, Target, and Wal-Mart are bad for America because they draw people out of downtown shopping districts and cause them to focus exclusively on consumption. In contrast, she believes that small businesses are good for America because they provide personal attention, foster community Interaction, and make each city unique. But Taylors argument is ultimately unconvincing because It Is based on nostalgia† on Idealized mages of a quaint Maln Street†rather than on the roles that businesses play In consumers lives and communities. By Ignoring the more complex, economically driven relationships between large chain stores and their communities, Taylor Incorrectly assumes that simply getting rid of big-box stores would have a posltlve effect on Americas communities. Taylors use of colorful language reveals that she has a nostalgic view of American society and does not understand economic realities. In her first paragraph, Taylor refers to a big-box store as a 25-acre slab of concrete with a 100,000 square foot box of stuff that lands on a town, evoking images of a monolithic monster crushing the American way of life (1011). But her Sanchez 1 Opening summa- rizes the articles purpose and thesis. Thesis expresses Sanchezs judgment of Taylors article. Signal phrase intro- duces quotations from the source; Sanchez uses an MLA in-text citation. Marginal annotations indicate MLA-style formatting and effective writing. Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007). This paper has been updated to follow the style guidelines in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th ed. (2009). Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007). assessment oversimplifies a complex issue. Taylor does not consider that many downtown business districts failed long before chain stores moved in, when factories and mills closed and workers lost their Jobs. In cities with struggling economies, big-box stores can actually provide much-needed Jobs. Similarly, while Taylor blames big-box stores for harming local economies by asking for tax breaks, free roads, and other perks, she doesnt cknowledge that these stores also enter into economic partnerships with the surrounding communities by offering financial benefits to schools and hospitals. Taylors assumption that shopping In small businesses Is always better for the customer also seems driven by nostalgia for an old-fashioned Maln Street rather than by the facts. While she may be right that many small businesses offer personal service and are responsive to customer complaints, she does not consider that many customers appreciate the service at big-box stores. Just as customer service Is better t some small businesses than at others, It Is Impossible to generalize about service at all big-box stores. For example, customers depend on the lenient return pollcles and the wide variety of products at stores Ilke Target and Home Depot. Taylor blames big-box stores for encouraging American hyper-consumerism, but she oversimplifies by equating big-box stores with bad values and small businesses with realities of American society today. Big-box stores do not force Americans to buy more. By offering lower prices in a convenient setting, however, they allow consumers to save time and purchase

Essay --

1) Name Of The System NR Registration System (Non-Resident Registration System) UITM. 2) Summary Of The System NR registration system or can be call as non-resident registration system is the system that give the student outside the campus the easier way to make registration for the non-resident student. Until now, the UITM only use the manual system to make the NR registration. Student need to come to the campus and fill their information in the NR registration form. The process will take a lot of time. More ever, if the day of registration is rainy, the student that uses motorcycle cannot come to the registration. If UITM use the NR registration system, student doesn’t have to come to the campus but only make the registration in the online system. It can make the process of registration is more easy, and can be completed in short time. 3) Problem Description UiTM Machang campus is a large campus and accommodates more students. This will cause the registration of non-resident students will be crowded and congested. Students who come to register at the registration day will ...

Failure and futility Themes in “1984” and “Never Let Me Go” Essay

Comparison of how Orwell in 1984 and Ishiguro in Never Let Me Go use failure and futility in human relationships as a theme in their dystopian novels As humans, we judge ourselves by how others perceive us and seek to conform to a universally accepted code of ethics and laws. It is this inherent value that we possess, a conscience that make us different from animals and it is also what is missing to a large extent in Orwell’s â€Å"1984† and Ishiguro’s â€Å"Never Let Me Go†. The futility of relationships in these works is part of what makes the worlds in which they are based seem so bereft of hope and consequently, dystopia in nature. In Orwell’s vision of humanity’s future, the only truly acceptable thing to ‘love’ is Big Brother. The Party restricts all other love so as to break down the ties between family, friends and lovers whilst transferring this loyalty to the Party itself as a form of control. The Party is said to have, â€Å"cut the links between child and parent, and between man and man, and between man and women.† This does not just show the breakdown of re lationships, but the reduction of the self. The Party is removing the essential links that allow humanity to be more than a collective of individuals and instead uses this to its own ends, although what these are, beyond a desire for control, we never truly discover. It is partly this lack of knowledge of the Party’s overall goals that makes the situation seem so desperate, it is as though love is being removed without explanation or justification, making the whole process seem devoid of hope as there is no specific element against which to rebel. A similar lack of knowledge also plagues the children of Hailsham in â€Å"Never Let Me Go†. Their future is not clearly explained; instead it is an undercurrent to their education that leaves them prepared for, but not truly conscious of, their fate. As Miss Lucy says, the students have been, â€Å"told and not told.† The situation is much the same for the reader, we learn with the children about their function. Thus we can empathise with the characters; the reader feels a part of the story. Setting it in the 1990s also adds to this sense as it is easy to associate with our own lives. It is for this reason that cloning is a key feature of dystopic fiction from the late twentieth and early twenty first centuries as it does not seem a distant concept but a real possibility. Some may see keeping the children in the dark over their fate as a kindness, however in many ways it seems a further cruelty that they are allowed to hope when this will avail them nothing. Miss Lucy goes on to tell  the children that they had been, â€Å"created†, that they were, â€Å"brought into this world for a purpose†¦ [with] futures, †¦ decided.† This is an indication of what is to come for the students, gaining more meaning the further the reader progresses through the novel, it is in reflecting upon events that the true horror is revealed. It is also a symbol of their relationships with the outside world. They cannot become part of a society we would recognise, for this is not their â€Å"purpose† and so they are kept apart from it. The world of the chil dren seems lonely and isolated for this reason, especially so as it is told to them, and us, as fact by someone in a position of authority. This version of their future seems inevitable and so any hope Ishiguro builds in the minds of the reader in the rest of the novel seems almost foolish, as we have been told that Kathy and her companions have only one path to follow. Orwell uses similar devices in â€Å"1984†. We are told in the first chapter after Winston writes in his diary that â€Å"The Thought Police would get him† and yet through the novel, largely thanks to his relationship with Julia, we come to feel that there may be a chance for him. However, as in â€Å"Never Let Me Go†, this is crushed. Both Orwell and Ishiguro give their characters and their audiences hope and despite all else that is wrong in their worlds, they have an intrinsic human emotion to hold on to, but when both stories conclude, this feeling is shown to have been futile and misleading. The traditional structure of society in â€Å"Never Let Me Go† is altered, as there is clearly a subsection of humanity that the dono rs inhabit which is not apparent in our own lives. However, Ishiguro’s world is not so different from our own, Hailsham seems like it could easily be a twentieth century boarding school with the result that the events have a more profound effect on the reader. Orwell uses a slightly different technique as the structure of human life is reduced in â€Å"1984† rather than altered. It is carried out up to the point where, â€Å"No one dares trust a wife or a child or a friend†. Instead they turn to the only thing in their life that seems concrete, Big Brother. The Spies are the ultimate example of this because the Party has managed to sever the paternal bond, which should be stronger than almost anything else. The extent to which this is achieved is shown by Parson declaring he is, â€Å"proud† of his daughter for denouncing him as it proves that he, â€Å"brought her up in the right spirit.† It is as though the greatest achievement for a parent has become to create a tool for the  party. Winston sums this up by saying, â€Å"The terrible thing the Party has done was to persuade you that mere impulses, mere feelings, were of no account, while at the same time robbing you of all power over the material world.â₠¬  To protect and nurture your offspring is a natural instinct, but the Party has removed this and in doing so has reduced humanity. It is this that makes the breakdown in the family so crucial to Orwell’s dystopic literature, if the feelings had been punished there is hope for salvation but by removing them, there is no hope for a future where the family is once again a pivotal element within a person’s life. When Orwell was writing there was a strong feeling of despair amongst modernist authors and artists relating to the fracturing of society and the reduction of tradition’s role in people’s lives. This is clearly shown in â€Å"1984† through characters such as Parson. Orwell’s reduction of traditional structures is shocking but also hard to relate to, as it seems so extreme. It can be said that Ishiguro’s alteration may not have the same immediate impact, however this slight apathy is caused by the situation presented being all too possible. On reflection this serves to makes it more disturbing; many groups in society are marginalised and so it is not difficult to imagine a situation where there are ‘clones’ amongst us yet not with us who are treated as an inferior race. Ishiguro demonstrates this through the use of the word, â€Å"completion† when the donors die. This is much like a euphemism for death, something else that is treated as taboo, but â€Å"completion† has far more sinister connotations. It suggests the donors have fulfilled their â€Å"purpose†, particularly as the word â€Å"completion† is usually associated with a positive outcome. This can be interpreted as Ishiguro, as a post-modern author, suggesting that a society relying on such a complex structure, is capable of dehumanising and exploiting the death of fellow humans. This is unlike Orwell in â€Å"1984† who bemoans the fracturing of traditional structures, however both show how the breakdown in relationships and marginalisation of certain groups can remove some essence of humanity and it is through this that the authors present their works as dystopic. Winston identifies this loss when he says â€Å"The Proles are human beings†¦ We are not human† because in comparison to Party members, â€Å"They were not loyal to a party or a country or an idea, they were loyal to one another.† Winston himself recognises what it is to be human and sees how he is in some way lacking. He goes on to tell  Julia that they will inevitably be captured and this will leave them both, â€Å"utterly alone† and, â€Å"utterly without power of any kind†. The implication here is that the connection they share is what gives them power but that the Party can overcome this. Despite acknowledging what is necessary to be human and finding his own source of strength, Winston still sees himself as ultimately powerless. Rather than this moment being an epiphany, as you would expect from a traditional hero, Winston is filled with hopelessness and in turn shows his love for Julia as being ultimately futile as it cannot lead to any salvation at all. Julia’s cool acceptance of this only makes it seem more inevitable as she states, â€Å"Everybody always confesses. You can’t help it. They torture you.† The short sentences make each statement a fact rather than a possible future. However we are also given a small glimmer of hope when Winston says to Julia that the, â€Å"real betrayal† would be if they could, â€Å"make me stop loving you† and Julia responds that, â€Å"They can’t do that.† This gives the reader hope that maybe they can best the Party. They may forfeit their lives in doing so but by staying loyal they could prove that love is more powerful than the control of the Party. However this is crushed at the end when they both betray each other. Having demonstrated how important interpersonal relationships are to the nature of humanity, Orwell then shows how easily such relationships can be demolished. This perhaps more than any other feature of â€Å"1984† makes it d ystopic literature as, what is an inherent belief in many that love can overcome any challenge, is destroyed and with it the image of humanity. In â€Å"Never Let Me Go† we are led to believe that what Kathy and Tommy share could be their salvation as we believe that the ‘system’ can be overcome by love. This is shaped by countless stories with which all are familiar where love bests evil. Both Orwell and Ishiguro play on our expectation that a resolution will be found in order to shock the reader to a greater extent when it is shown that hope is lost. This happens in â€Å"Never Let Me Go† as the society presented places small value on these emotions. Miss Emily understands they have, â€Å"hoped carefully† that deferrals might exist, but has to explain to them it was only ever, â€Å"A wishful rumour.† It is this element that shows the dystopic nature of the novel as, up to this point we feel Kathy must achieve some kind of success to fulfil her role as principle character, but it doesn’t happen. The use of the word, â€Å"hoped†, is also key as this is essentially  what the story is about, it reminds the audience that for Kathy and Tommy, their love represents hope of future happiness and leading lives with a meaning beyond being someone else’s spare parts. Both â€Å"1984† and â€Å"Never Let Me Go† demonstrate how fundamental relationships are to human lives. They are what shape us, what allow us to interact with a greater society and what gives us hope. However in both novels relationships are broken down and shown to be futile, in neither do the protagonists find a way to escape their fate through love and nor do they get any real comfort from it as they are always fighting against systems that do not accredit a value to such emotions. It is when these relationships are finally proved to offer little to those involved that faith in a redeeming future is lost in and as such it is when the novels are shown to be dystopic. This is clearly a fundamental element of the authors’ dystopian literature as love tends to be what humankind clings to as the last vestige of hope in a dire situation and even this is removed from these works.

How Are 21st Century Business Organizations Built?

The importance of management enhancement among business facilities and organizations around the world is indeed a serious issue to consider when it comes to realizing the different impacts of IT [Information Technology] procedures is being discussed about. The growing developments that technology and communications have taken so far have been an essential part of the growing system of technological applications. Along with the technological advancements, the social living of humans also is further enhanced.Both economic and social lifestyles were advancing but there was no rest in incurring the best possible progress that the developers of technological systems wanted. With the introduction of computers to the society, the easier way of living and completing everyday tasks has become a trend for many industrial workers. However, as mentioned earlier, the development in the eyes of the ones who are in charge of the enhancement of the operating systems is never ending.Hence, although t here were already some great achievements in terms of the developed operating systems, things got better each time there are new innovations introduced. As for this paper, much of the advancement shall be focused upon the implementation of the . NET technologies on the existing operating systems at present. Information Technology started to boom and take over the business industries during the early 20th centuries. This development has highly alleviated the status of commerce in the society.This has also been the reason why many companies worldwide choose to invest so much on IT processes for their businesses. Mainly to ensure their company’s capability of remaining in existence, they tend to put so much attention to how their firm keeps up with the fast-paced changing world of technology. However, is this all that there is? This paper shall be a discussion on how IT really affects the business industry as to how useful it still is for the world of commerce. Facing the Issues of the Importance of Information TechnologyInvesting in a company’s Information Technology sector has long been a source of argument from the very beginning of time when IT was introduced to the business industry. Many owners of big company’s would of course like to have an edge against other business venture to be able to attain leadership in their own fields of commercial business. This is why these companies tent to invest so much along with the fast paced changing systems of technology. Indeed, they view information technology as one source of insurance for their company’s lengthened existence. However, is this claim really true?Especially when it comes to the efficiency and accuracy of information processing and data security that Information Technology promises to ensure each business company of? This is what Nicholas Carr argues with in his articles, â€Å"IT Doesn’t Matter† and â€Å"The end of corporate computing†. In these article s, Carr enlists the ways in which IT cannot sufficiently provide the companies with the competitive advantage it aims to have against other business firms by outlining several reasons on the said topic. In the paragraphs to follow, these reasons shall be discussed as well as to the Pros and Cons of Carr’s arguments.The Pros of Carr’s Arguments on Information Technology Nicholas Carr’s articles, which were mentioned earlier, mainly points out how the fast changing world of technology makes it hard for companies worldwide to consider IT as a measure of competitive advantage against others. This is because Information Technology programs could be easily copied, changed and re-distributed due to the advanced technology itself. In this way, no company could be considered at an edge when it comes to IT. However, the question is, how does IT really affect the business activities of a certain company?The act of generating information usually belongs to the management. H owever, through the integration of new technologies to this task, things could be done in a lot more easier way. The said information generated by the management through IT includes the flow of money in the company, the business operations and current market updates. These kinds of information are vital for a company’s growth. This is also the reason why IT is considered to be among the most important sector of a certain company. On the other hand, the real task of generating or using these informations still belongs to the management.This is why Nicholas Carr argues that the IT sector is for no use at all. Indeed, the labor force from the management is the key vital element in making the informations obtained by a company useful for the business. In addition, with the fast changing Information systems recreated through the new technologies, old IT systems may even be considered obsolete after a matter of time. In addition, since IT is already available for corruption or reco pying through the net, Carr considers it useless to actually invest on this sector of any company.Instead, he reiterates that the intellectual ability of the management is still the most important factor in making company informations work for the benefit of the business itself. The Cons of the Arguments of Carr on Information Technology The article â€Å"The End of Corporate Computing† mainly depicts the situation of information technology in today’s business industries. He then claims that because of the similarities and the common characteristics of each IT systems within every company, IT can never be considered as an edge to being highly competitive against others.Yes, this is true, but then saying that IT itself does not matter at all could be considered as an exaggeration of the matter. As said earlier, IT has alleviated the business industries so much. Today, the data of companies as well as their market could be viewed through the Internet making it possible t o attract more customers at that. In this way companies who are able to catch up with the latest IT systems available for their company gains an edge against those who cannot have even an access to the said IT systems.True, with the fast-paced life of people today, the idea of being left behind because of lack of necessary IT systems for the business may prove to be a fatal situation for a certain business venture. This then thus conclude that both the IT systems of a company along with the intellectual abilities of its management sector should work together to attain the aimed development for any growing business firm. However, there are still some business individuals who are not able to recognize the fact that too much of everything is also dangerous.As for example, McAfee’s â€Å"Do you have too much IT† pinpoints that the existence of too much computer or electronic drive systems in the business industries have also caused problems especially with regards to the s ecurity of different matters that are displayed by the company through the Internet. This is mainly because of the fact that there are a lot of people that are able to visit the Internet freely and are not bounded by any certain hindrances. Thus, making it possible for some computer experts to perform illegal theft activities, which could be incurred through the Internet applications provided too by the worldwide web.Certainly, there is a big reason why there are still many experts who are not amiable to making full use of IT as a generator for business transactions especially with regards to money matters. However, it should always be considered by the said experts that with ample control, security measures and other points of consideration that could be carried on through by the companies operating within the Internet systems, an expected good result could still be predicted in the future. Hence, this means that IT does matter, although there are some measures of concern that shou ld be considered during its operation.Living in a high tech society requires of so much advancement especially in the field of commerce. Being able to market ones products or services to a bigger number of customers might mean that a company must be able to obtain the most advanced technology there is. Indeed, taking advantage of what technology has to offer, such as Information Technology, is a vital part of a company’s growth in today’s internationalized industries. Remember though that it must also be always taken into account that these IT systems would never work without the efficiency and effort of human labor such as the management.The integration of these two sectors in a business firm would surely bring a company to its peak state. No, Information technology is not yet dead. In the business industry, it is still and will continuously be a part of any emerging company’s growth in the globalization of the business industries. The E-Business Strategies and their Growth in the Business Industries Globalization has long been opening a wide array of challenges to the business industries around the world. At all costs, many global corporations opted to continuously cope up with the challenges of the business systems offered through globalizing strategies.Then, just when the global companies have already adjusted to the needs of the global systems, another challenge opens up as the Internet systems enter the scenes of the business world. Today, one of the trends in the business marketing strategies is the invasion of the cyber industry. Hence, the systems of globalization have offered more and more challenges for business organizations. The competition among industries with regards to how fast and how vast their consumer relations are has grown ever tighter.In this regard, the necessary strategies to make a successful cyber business shall be discussed in this paper, which would be mainly based upon a major company, which is involved in co mputer manufacturing activities. Hence, through this, the essential factors making up a successful online business would be introduced and closely examined. Benefits of E-Business As mentioned earlier, the Internet has mostly invaded the entire human activities, and in this manner, even business transactions became a new approach of the Internet to invite surfers to appreciate the business services available through the cyber space.As an example, a common resource provided by the Internet is a worldwide system for sending and receiving electronic mail, known as E-mail. In fact, E-mail represents a large portion of all Internet traffic and is for many the only Internet resource they use. In this manner of transferring data, many business companies are able to transact with their consumers from other parts of the world simply by posting the details of their company through the net for international viewing.After which, the consumers who are interested in their products or services are able to have options of ordering for services and products offered by the said company and pay for the provisions through wire transfers and other bank to bank transactions. How does this benefit the company? In a vivid description, the company is able to advertise and reach a vast number of consumers around the globe, making it possible for them to accumulate more and more sales revenues from their Internet marketing strategies.Through the animated presentations, the company is also able to make a clear presentation of its missions and visions which makes its reputation more acceptable for the consumers as well. Aside form this; the company is able to ensure its consumers with fine service without actually having to personally deal with them. Thus, this paves way to a more effective consumer communication since all the necessary details they need to know about the company or the product they ought to have is available within a click of the finger. Thus, the company is able to give its consumers a fine service at their own convenience.Knowing this, since the manufacturing company named B&H Incorporated is a computer manufacturing company, it is indeed necessary for them to upgrade to becoming a click and mortar type of business organization. Many consumers needing computer paraphernalia and other products in connection to computers usually check the Internet for necessary information. This is the reason why B&H Incorporated should be able to innovate their business systems through the use of e-business strategies. Changes in Marketing Since the business approach is sure to change, the marketing strategies are also sure to take large adjustments.Thus, this means that additional training should be catered well by the company as they take the necessary steps in entering the e-business industries. As for example, the old advertising systems used by the company is based upon catalogue posts, newspaper announcements and television commercials. The new approach of m arketing in the e-business approach would be mainly based upon flash animations, computer effects and further more innovations applied through computer skills in making the company program, which would be used in the company’s Internet website, which would be created for its e-business transactions.Take for example the company of COCA COLA organizations. Marketing as we all know is the branch of a certain company or business responsible for advertising and promoting the products of the said venture. This branch of the business industry deals with many different factors both in and out of the community it is existing with, just to be able to come up with a certain formula or a decision on what type of marketing strategy is going to be used. Meaning, the main purpose of putting effort in making a good marketing strategy is to be able to convert possible prospect buyers to become frequent users of the company’s products.True, if a certain company is a producer of one kind of product, the marketing branch is treated as the core of this business as it is the branch that determines the sales, profit or loss of that certain company. Thus, it is just so important to be able to know about the surviving strategies of one company concerning that it operates both globally and domestically. How does one company manage to handle the different factors and difficulties of setting up a trend in a target community considering that that company doesn’t have it’s main branch within the area specified?How are they able to keep up with their selling activities amidst all the problems that arise and the changes that occur within a certain community every now and then? In this paper, the author has chosen the Coca Cola Company to be a sample company to be examined with regards to its global and domestic operations. Close observations on its marketing activities shall be researched upon and be given evaluation. This paper shall be divided in three parts mai nly the environmental, the technological and the social factors that affects marketing strategies of a certain business organization, namely, the Coca Cola Company.But first and foremost, it must be known how this company started. Coca Cola as the company claims, â€Å"exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ It has been founded in 1886 and is now known as one of the world’s leading manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of non alcoholic beverages, concentrates and syrups. This company produces also around 400 different brands of such kinds of products. Their corporate head quarters are located in Atlanta and has local operations in over 200 countries.As it could be seen, it all began in a small scale business and grew to a world renowned company mostly popular to all ranges of ages all over the globe. How did they do it? They gave importance to the three major factors that could help boost the marketing strategies of a certain company. What is referr ed to as the environment by marketing? It could consist of the climate, the location and the people who are in one community, which a certain business industry targets to be its prospect market. How did the Coca Cola Company face this factor?First, as we all are aware of, the said company is known both over the places that are not so much developed, and especially the most developed lands. This means, each community has different demands when it comes to drinking different beverages. It also concerns how the prospect customers could buy the product in a frequent basis if the climate from every place vary every now and then. It only shows that it is very important for the Coca Cola Company to be able to convince the people to buy their products time and again. In this case, the cross selling or up selling is considered by the company.In some ways, some people from different countries could have a variety of choices of beverages they would rather drink depending on the climate their c ommunity experiences from time to time. It is very important that a company such as Coca Cola, be able to get along with the advancement of technology. As for example, the usage of Internet access, the television, media advertising, radios commercials and even on national and local broad sheets in a certain country. All these, and more are often used by the company of Coca Cola to be able to invite more and more customers world wide.As for example, In the late 1950’s, James Vicary claimed to have conducted a study in a New Jersey, U. S. A. , Movie Theater in which the words â€Å"Drink Coca-Cola† and â€Å"Eat Popcorn† were flashed on the screen during the movie. The messages appeared for only a fraction of a second, too briefly to make an impression on the conscious mind. Yet, according to Vicary, they resulted in an increase in the sale of Coca-Cola and popcorn. Yes, recent studies show how effective TV and Internet sources are when it comes to influencing spe cially the kids in buying several products such as soft drinks.These strategies are considered to be much effective to be used by producers. Mainly, the ideal aim of marketing is to give the people what they need and to provide them the things that they want. Obviously, the Coca Cola Company has proved to be able to meet this factor in marketing. In Japan for example, it has been reported that the Coca Cola company gained 60 percent of the soft-drink market in the said country by making its drink sweeter—just what the Japanese wanted. Thus, it is true that foreign companies that employ such marketing strategies have been immensely successful.Aside from the taste Coca Cola also provides their customers the necessary informations they need to know about the products so as to gain their customer’s trust and be able to retain their loyalty to the said products. Yes, indeed Coca Cola proves to be among the pioneers in using several effective marketing strategies in both glo bal and domestic operations and became immensely successful in implementing such strategies. What about the other companies in the industry? What could be learned from them with regards the establishment of the 21st century business organizations?The Success and Failures of dot. com Companies The dot. com dot. bomb issue has long been plaguing the Internet world as it has been open to investors and stockholders. What actually happened to this phenomenon? The companies, which were established as dot. com organizations failed to see the need of adjusting to the cyber systems as far as their employee skills are concerned. Certainly, even though there is an Internet assistance offered through the websites, there should still be some personnel assigned to meet the customer’s needs through live chats and other means of communication.This would mean that their employees should undergo extra training processes regarding this matter. The successful companies on the other hand such as Amazon. com provides fine service through support services from crews of the company available through the Internet at almost any time. Their transactions too were highly secured that made their consumers feel at ease as they take the option of dealing with the company through the net. The Differences between E-business and the Integrated OrganizationsCertainly, for e-business organizations, the costs may be much less since the only expense they have to pay would be the Internet services and the website fees. However, their inability to deal personally with their consumers hurt their organizations in a service based evaluation. On the other hand, the integrated organizations having a physical establishment along with a website established through the cyber space have bigger chances of catering to more consumers while catering to their needs at the best possible way there is. Expenses may be higher but the return for these companies sure are worth enough for risking.True, the globali zation of business systems has been a cause for advancements in the business systems created for both the business organizations and the consumers as well. The latest fad of entering the e-business has also helped in making the necessary changes in the business industry a worthwhile form of adjustment for profit and service oriented business companies. Conclusion With the introduction of the computer technology to the human society during the 19th Century, the works or the tasks of people have been further created with ease.With the implementation of computer systems within the existing systems of completion for human tasks, the jobs of people, which can be merged with technological arrangements, were enhanced to becoming easily completed. Today, 95% of the whole population of man all around the world utilizes the computer systems for their everyday application. Even ordinary appliances are now compiled with complex operating systems based upon computer arrangements to be able to me et the best possible performance that they could render the human society. (Tanenbaum, 2006, 15)Now, even more complex role is played by the application of operating systems in the daily dealings of people has been introduced. With the development of the communication systems such as the internet, learning from home, using top of the art facilities and technologies became possible for many students who cannot attend universities because of some unavoidable circumstances. Through the existence of the emerging technological innovation on communication and information transfer, everything became possible and available through the Internet.As of the present situation, there are still other innovations that have been affected by the developing Operating Systems. The world trade systems has become more easy for the traders since the Internet systems allow them to connect with others easily and effectively transact with their business partners abroad. (Tanenbaum, 2006, 19) This fact certai nly brings about the fact that managers of different business organizations should recognize the possibilities that put their responsibilities to the business at a certain height that requires them to adjust with the changes.These changes are considerable in line with the globalization procedures that are bound to increase the capability of business organizations to expand world wide thus giving the managers a larger scale of responsibilities that they need to face with in their profession. True, the challenge is serious, however, accomplishing victory on it would naturally bring forth progress in the world’s business industries and world economy. REFERENCES: Tim Cohn. (1998). 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